Military aircraft include any use of aircraft by a country`s military, including areas such as transportation, training, disaster relief, border patrol, search and rescue, surveillance, surveying, peacekeeping, and (very rarely) air warfare. During the Cold War, the world`s two great superpowers – the Soviet Union and the United States of America – devoted a large part of their GDP to the development of military technologies. The desire to put objects into orbit stimulated space exploration and launched the space race. In 1957, the USSR launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. Military vehicles are land combat or transport vehicles, with the exception of railway vehicles designed for or used by military forces to a large extent. Once intercontinental ballistic missiles were developed, military planners launched programs and strategies to counter their effectiveness. Soon after the invention of airplanes, military aviation became an important part of warfare, albeit primarily as a complementary role. The two main types of military aircraft are bombers, which attack land or sea targets, and fighters, which attack other aircraft. The Wujing Zongyao (Foundations of Military Arts), written by Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du and others on the orders of Emperor Renzong around 1043 during the Song Dynasty, illustrates periods focused on promoting intellectual issues and military technology due to the importance of the war between the Song and Liao, Jin and Yuan in their north.
The book deals with topics of military strategy, training, production and use of advanced weapons. [5] An important part of military technology revolves around transport, allowing troops and weapons to be moved from their origins to the front. In the past, ground transport was mainly done on foot, land vehicles were also generally used, from tanks to tanks. Until the late 1960s, both countries regularly used satellites. Spy satellites have been used by military officials to take accurate photos of their rivals` military installations. Over time, the resolution and accuracy of orbital reconnaissance have alarmed both sides of the Iron Curtain. The United States and the Soviet Union began developing anti-satellite weapons to blind or destroy their respective satellites. Laser weapons, kamikaze satellites and orbital nuclear explosions have been researched with varying degrees of success.
Spy satellites have been and continue to be used to monitor the dismantling of military installations in accordance with arms control treaties signed between the two superpowers. The use of spy satellites in this way is often referred to in contracts as “national technical means of verification”. This section is divided into major cultural developments that have influenced military technology. Naval warfare was modified by many innovations,[13] including the coal-based steam engine, high-precision long-range naval guns, heavy steel armor for battleships, mines, and the introduction of the torpedo, followed by the torpedo boat and destroyer. After 1900, coal was eventually replaced by more efficient oil, but in the meantime, navies of international reach relied on a network of coal-fired power plants to refuel. The British Empire supplied them in abundance, as did the French Empire to a lesser extent. War academies developed when military theory became a specialty; Cadets and commanders-in-chief were educated in the theories of Jomini, Clausewitz and Mahan and participated in tabletop war games. Around 1900, completely new innovations such as submarines and airplanes appeared, which were quickly adapted to war until 1914. The British HMS Dreadnought (1906) contained so many advanced weapons, propulsion and armour technologies that it rendered all other battleships obsolete at once. [14] Military technology is the application of technology for use in war.
This includes the types of technologies that are clearly military in nature and not civilian in their application, usually because they have no useful or legal civilian applications or are dangerous to use without proper military training. Armaments technology is the design, development, testing and life cycle management of weapons and military systems. It draws on knowledge from several traditional engineering disciplines, including mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, mechatronics, electrooptics, aerospace engineering, materials engineering, and chemical engineering. The postmodern phase of military technology emerged in the 1940s and, thanks to the high priority given during the war to scientific and technical research and development related to nuclear weapons, radars, jet engines, proximity rockets, advanced submarines, aircraft carriers and other weapons. The high priority continues into the 21st century. J.A. [20] This involves the military application of advanced scientific research related to nuclear weapons, jet engines, ballistic and guided missiles, radar, biological warfare, and the use of electronics, computers, and software. [21] [22] Fortifications are military structures and buildings intended for defence in time of war. Their size and age vary from the Great Wall of China to a Sangar. The line is porous; Military inventions have been used for civilian purposes throughout history, sometimes with minor modifications, where appropriate, and civilian innovations have also been used militarily. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for developing new technologies for the military.
DARPA is leading the development of military technology in the United States and today has dozens of projects underway; Everything from humanoid robots to bullets that can change trajectory before reaching their destination. China has a similar agency. Advances in military technology helped the Song Dynasty defend itself against hostile northern neighbors. Southern Tang forces attempted to use flamethrowers against the Song navy, but were accidentally consumed by their own fire as strong winds swept in their direction. [6]:89 The rapid development of military technology had a dramatic impact on armies and navies in the industrialized world in 1740-1914. [11] For ground warfare, cavalry lost importance, while infantry changed with the use of faster-loading high-precision rifles and the use of smokeless powder. Machine guns were developed in Europe in the 1860s. Mysorean rocket artillery and missiles, both developed by Indian Muslim Tipu Sultan, became stronger when new explosives (nitroglycerin-based) arrived during the Anglo-Mysorian Wars and the French introduced much more accurate rapid-fire field artillery. Logistical and communication support for land warfare was greatly improved through the use of railways and telegraphs. Industrialization provided a base of factories that could be converted to produce ammunition, uniforms, tents, wagons and vital supplies. Medical facilities were expanded and reorganized on the basis of improved hospitals and the creation of modern nursing embodied by Florence Nightingale in Britain during the Crimean War of 1854-56.
[12] Armies around the world continue to search for autonomous technologies that allow for increased troop mobility or the replacement of living soldiers. [27] Autonomous vehicles and robots are expected to play a role in future conflicts; [27] This has the potential to reduce loss of life in future wars. Observers of transhumanism note high rates of technological terms in military literature, but low rates of terms explicitly related to transhuman. [28] New financial instruments were developed to finance the rapidly rising costs of the war, such as sales of popular bonds and income taxes, as well as to finance permanent research centers. [15] [16] Many innovations of the 19th century. David Bushnell and the submarine, John Ericsson and the battleship, Hiram Maxim and the machine gun, and Alfred Nobel and the explosives were largely invented and promoted by individuals with small teams of assistants.